Selected References for The Avalanche Factor

This is a select list of references for The Avalanche Factor. I will update this pages as I learn about better references. Please let me know about references that I should know about. I’m a sap for quality articles and papers! Much of this book is based on my education and experience, filtered through my opinion, which may not have a reference. And I’m not on social media, so I’ve missed all that, so please send me the signal in the noise!

Primary References

• Avalanche Encyclopedia from the National Avalanche Center: https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encyclopedia

• Avalanche Hour Podcast: https://www.theavalanchehour.com

• Parrish. Farnam Street blog: https://fs.blog/

• Greene et al. 2022. Snow, Weather, and Avalanche Guidelines (SWAG), fourth edition, American Avalanche Association: https://www.americanavalancheassociation.org/swag/

• McClung and Schaerer. 2023. The Avalanche Handbook, fourth edition.

• Powder Cloud blog: https://thepowdercloud.com/

• Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop.

• The Avalanche Review: https://www.americanavalancheassociation.org/tar/

• Tremper. 2018. Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, third edition.

• Utah Avalanche Center blog: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/blog/

• Utah Avalanche Center podcast.

Chapter 1. Introduction

Avalanche Statistics

• Avalanche statistics in the United States from the Colorado Avalanche Information Center: https://avalanche.state.co.us/accidents/statistics-and-reporting/.

• Birkeland et al. 2017. Letter to the editor, in response to avalanche fatalities in the United States by Jekich et al. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine.

• Jamieson et al. 2016. Simple calculations of avalanche risk for backcountry skiing, Proceedings of the ISSW: https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/issw-2009-0336-0340.pdf

• Peitzsch et al. 2020. Avalanche victim age: How old are the people who die in avalanches? A look into the ages of avalanche victims in the United States (1950–2018), Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213078019300660

• Tremper. What is the risk of riding in avalanche terrain? Utah Avalanche Center blog, accessed November 10, 2022: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/blog/15826

Fatalities and Avalanche Characteristics

• Hardesty, Drew. 2016. Analysis of Utah Avalanche Fatalities in the Modern Era. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Logan and Greene. 2014. The distribution of fatalities by avalanche problem in Colorado. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Logan and Greene. 2016. The Avalanche Charater Frequency of Reported Avalanche Incidents in Colorado. Proceedings of the ISSW.

Mindset 

• Dweck. 2007. Mindset, The New Psychology of Success.

• Parrish. How to use Occam’s Razor without getting cut. Farnam Street blog, accessed October 2, 2023: https://fs.blog/occams-razor/

• Roberts. 2020. The swiss cheese model of pandemic defense. New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/05/health/coronavirus-swiss-cheese-infection-mackay.html

Uncertainty

• Jamieson, Haegeli and Statham. 2015. Uncertainty in snow avalanche risk assessments. GeoQuebec.

• Technical Aspects of Snow and Avalanche Risk Management: Resources and Guidelines for Avalanche Practitioners in Canada. 2016. Canadian Avalanche Association.

Think Like a Scientist

• Carpenter. 2022. Observation overload: how to prioritize data from pits, weather and snowpack. Backcountry: https://backcountrymagazine.com/stories/observation-overload-how-to-prioritize-data-from-pits-weather-and-snowpack/

• Grant. 2021. Think Again, The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know.

• LaChapelle. 1980. The fundamental processes In conventional avalanche forecasting. Journal of Glaciology, vol 26(94): 75-84.

Learning

• Hardesty. Expertise and the Avalanche Problems. Utah Avalanche Center blog, accessed November 12, 2023: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/blog/26871

• Hutchinson, Jake. 2024. Experience, expertise, and the pursuit of mastery. The Avalanche Review 42.4.

Chapter 2. Terrain

Slope Angle

• Dawson. Alpha angle, how far can that avalanche go? Wild Snow blog, accessed October 2, 2023: https://www.wildsnow.com/33333/alpha-angle-avalanche-safety/

• Mccammon, Ian. 2023. Slope measurement for humans: inclinometer error and risk communication. Proceedings of the ISSW: https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/ISSW2023_O12.05.pdf

• Staples. 2021. 30 degrees. The Avalanche Review 41.2.

ATES

• Statham and Campbell. 2023. The Avalanche Terrain Exposure Scale v2. Proceedings of the ISSW: https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item/2939

Field Navigation

• Dahman and Bohbot. 2020. Habitual use of GPS negatively impacts spatial memory during self-guided navigation. Scientific Reports: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156656/

• Parrish. The map is not the territory. Farnam Street blog, accessed September 30, 2023: https://fs.blog/map-and-territory/

• Rosen. 2014. The knowledge, London’s legendary taxi-driver test puts up a fight in the age of GPS. New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/t-magazine/london-taxi-test-knowledge.html

• Stewart-Patterson. 2023. Why GPS is making us dumb. Powder Cloud blog: https://thepowdercloud.com/learn/essential-touring-skills/why-gps-is-making-us-dumb/

Pixel Size

• 2019/01/05, Colorado, Upper Senator Beck Basin, northwest of Red Mountain Pass, accident report: https://classic.avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=685&accfm=inv

• Deems. 2020. Digital mapping: do you know what your map knows? The Avalanche Review: https://theavalanchereview.org/digital-mapping/

Chapter 3. Weather and Snowpack

Snow Climate

• Haegeli and McClung. 2017. Expanding the snow-climate classification with avalanche-relevant information, Initial description of avalanche winter regimes for southwestern Canada. Cambridge University Press: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/expanding-the-snowclimate-classification-with-avalancherelevant-information-initial-description-of-avalanche-winter-regimes-for-southwestern-canada/E2ADD8FD5F03358361010CAD1576AEED

• Mock and Birkeland. 2000. Snow avalanche climatology of the western United States mountain ranges. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.

Climate Change

• O’Neill. How climate change impacts avalanche conditions. Protect our Winters blog, accessed September 30, 2023: https://protectourwinters.org/how-does-climate-change-impact-avalanches/

• Steenburgh. Avalanches and climate change, part I. Wasatch Weather Weenies, accessed September 30, 2023: https://wasatchweatherweenies.blogspot.com/2022/02/avalanches-and-climate-change-part-i.html

• Steenburgh. Avalanches and climate change, part II. Wasatch Weather Weenies, accessed September 30, 2023: https://wasatchweatherweenies.blogspot.com/2022/02/avalanches-and-climate-change-part-ii.html

• Steenburgh. What is greenhousing? Wasatch Weather Weenies, accessed September 30, 2023: https://wasatchweatherweenies.blogspot.com/2017/04/what-is-greenhousing.html

• Woodmency, Jim. 2018. Personal communication.

Snow Surface Energy Exchange

• Jamieson, Bruce. 2017. Energy exchange (heat transfers) at the snow surface: https://vimeo.com/243958459

• Kalio, Greg. 2020-2023. Personal communication.

Weak Layers and Fatalities

• Schweizer and Lütschg. 2001. Characteristics of human-triggered avalanches. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 33(2001): 147–162. https://www.wsl.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/WSL/Mitarbeitende/schweizj/Schweizer_Luetschg_Skier_avalanches_CRST_2001.pdf  

• Hardesty, Drew. A Reckoning. Utah Avalanche Center blog, accessed September 30, 2023: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/blog/68012

• Hardesty, Drew. Expert intuition and the avalanche problem. Utah Avalanche Center blog, accessed September 30, 2023: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/blog/26871

• Hardesty, Drew. 2026, Analysis of Utah Avalanche Fatalities in the Modern Era. Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop.pdf

• Logan and Greene. 2014. The distribution of fatalities by avalanche problem in Colorado. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Logan and Greene. 2016. The Avalanche Charater Frequency of Reported Avalanche Incidents in Colorado. Proceedings of the ISSW.

Crusts 

• Hammonds and Baker. 2016. Investigating the thermophysical properties of the ice-snow interface Part II, Thermal contact resistance. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Shea et al. 2012. Hot crust cold crust. The Avalanche Review, 30(3): 28: https://avalanche.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/12_TAR_Shea_etal.pdf

• Jamieson, Bruce. 2020. Near-crust faceting and slab avalanching: https://vimeo.com/424350787

Near-Surface Faceting 

• Birkeland, Karl. 1998. Terminology and predominant processes associated with the formation of weak layers of near-surface faceted crystals in the mountain snowpack. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30(2): 193-199. 

Pit Tests

• Birkeland, Karl and Chabot, Doug. 2006. Minimizing false stable stability test results, why digging more snowpits is a good idea. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Greene, Ethan et al. 2022. Snow, Weather, and Avalanche Guidelines (SWAG), fourth edition. American Avalanche Association: https://www.americanavalancheassociation.org/swag/

Chapter 4. Observing

Red and Yellow Flags

• McCammon and Haegeli. 2006. Evaluation of a rule-based decision aid for recreational travelers in avalanche terrain. Proceedings of the ISSW. 

About Observing

• Guyn, Todd. 2016. 10 common missteps of avalanche practitioners. Proceedings of the ISSW. 

• Mair and Nairz. 2013. Avalanche danger patterns. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Zacharias, Colin. The power of noticing. Powder Cloud blog, accessed February 23, 2023: https://thepowdercloud.com/learn/avalanche-education/the-power-of-noticing-avalanche-warning-signs/

Extended Column Test

• Birkeland and Simenhois. 2008. The extended column test: test effectiveness, spatial variability, and comparison with the propagation saw test. Proceedings of the ISSW: https://avalanche.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/08_ISSW_ECTupdate.pdf  

• Carpenter, Sarah. 2019. How quick pits improve decision making. Backcountry: https://backcountrymagazine.com/stories/mountain-skills-the-dos-and-donts-of-quick-pits/

• Jamieson, Bruce. Should you test the snowpack for instabililty?: https://vimeo.com/479569510

• Mariental, Chabot and Birkeland. 2023. Comparing the effectiveness of ECT, PST and CT for assessing snow stability. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• McCammon, Ian and Sharaf, Don. 2005. Integrating structure, strength and energy into stability decisions. The Avalanche Review, 23(3): 18-19. 

• Richards, Birkeland and Earl. 2023. What's the score? Scoring snowpits for better communication of stability assessments. Proceedings of the ISSW: https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item/3017

Chapter 5. Danger and Problems

Main Reference

• Statham, Grant et al. 2017. Conceptual model of avalanche hazard. Natural Hazards.

Problems

• Atkins. 2004. An avalanche characterization checklist for backcountry travel decisions, Proceedings of the ISSW. 

• Avalanche problems explained. National Avalanche Center: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkbnT_9-cHU

Avalanche Release

• Jamieson, Bruce. How do natural dry slab avalanches release?: https://vimeo.com/177165729

• Schweizer et al. 2016. Avalanche release 101. Proceedings of the ISSW.

Type

• See also Chapter 3 references for Weak Layers and Fatalities.

• Lees. Wet snow avalanches. Utah Avalanche Center blog, accessed September 30, 2023: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/blog/16110

• Jamieson, Bruce et al, 2010, Which Obs For Which Avalanche Type?, Proceedings of the ISSW.

Travel Advice

• Fisher et al. 2022. Travel and terrain advice statements in public avalanche bulletins. Natural Hazards.

• Wagner, Wendy and Hardesty, Drew. 2014. Travel advice for the avalanche problems: a public forecasting tool. Proceedings of the ISSW.

Forecasting

• LaChapelle. 1980. The fundamental process in conventional avalanche forecasting, Journal of Glaciology. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/fundamental-processes-in-conventional-alavalanche-forecasting/E5FCD7C5383FAF839493CD4A4804AAB4

• Klassen. Managing avalanche risk part 3: avalanche forecasting. Powder Cloud blog, accessed September 30, 2023: https://thepowdercloud.com/learn/avalanche-education/managing-avalanche-risk-part-3-avalanche-forecasting/

Danger

• American Avalanche Association Avalanche Encylopedia. North American Public Danger Scale: https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encyclopedia/#north-american-public-avalanche-danger-scale

• Atkins. 2013. Risk, sometimes we're ocusing on the wrong action. The Avalanche Review, 31 (4): 22.

• Avalanche danger scale. Utah Avalanche Center, accessed July 7, 2023: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/avalanche-danger-scale

• Hardesty. Danger in the danger rating. Utah Avalanche Center blog, accessed October 12, 2022: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/blog/15914

• Statham et al. 2010. North American avalanche danger scale. Proceedings of the ISSW: https://avalanche.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/10_ISSW_Statham_etal_DangerScale.pdf

Chapter 6. People

Rethinking the Human Factor

• Johnson et al. 2020. Rethinking the heuristic traps paradigm in avalanche education, Cogent Social Sciences: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343913736_Rethinking_the_heuristic_traps_paradigm_in_avalanche_education_Past_present_and_future

• Stewart-Patterson. 2016. Nothing bad happened. The Avalanche Review 34(4): 18-19: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59d2a0f0e9bfdf20d6d654b7/t/5a5fba6e9140b77a0d7e9c05/1516223094580/TAR_34-4.pdf

• Kahneman et al. 2011. Before you make that big decision, Harvard Business Review, p51-60. 

Risk

• Statham. 2021. Thinking in risk, Powder Cloud blog, accessed October 25, 2021: https://theavalanchereview.org/powder-cloud-thinking-in-risk/

• Hardesty. Meditations on skiing the no-fall zone. Applying the CMAH to the Grunge Couloir and other ramblings. Utah Avalanche Center blog, accessed September 30, 2023: https://utahavalanchecenter.org/blog/46894

•  Statham. Risk: The anatomy of chance and uncertainty, TEDxCanmore: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGZu5Lzgv1A

Wicked Environment

• Hogarth et al, 2015, The two settings of kind and wicked learning environments, Psychological Science, 24(5): 379–385.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslow. 1943. A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4): 370–396. 

Intuition

• Kahneman. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow.

• Klein. 1998. Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions.

• Stewart-Patterson. Avalanche Hour Podcast, #7.18: https://www.theavalanchehour.com/

• Tversky and Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157): 1124-1131.

Luck

• Childs. 2022. Talent or talismans: was it luck or skill that got this lifer through? Climbing.com: https://www.climbing.com/people/luck-in-climbing/#_

• Corliss. 2012. Passion conquers all fear. TEDxPortland: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1WJANjY5-w&t=1s

• Mauboussin. 2012. The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing.

• Pluchino et al. 2018. Talent vs luck- the role of randomness in success and failure. Advances in Complex Systems, 21(3,4): 1-31.

• Stock, Joe. 2024. Luck and Avoiding Avalanches. The Avalanche Review, 42.4: 16-17.

Bias

• Parrish, Shane. Confirmation bias and the power of disconfirming evidence. Farnam Street blog, accessed October 1, 2023: https://fs.blog/confirmation-bias/

• Parrish, Shane. Hindsight bias, why you’re not as smart as you think you are. Farnam Street blog, accessed October 1, 2023: https://fs.blog/what-is-hindsight-bias/

• McCammon. 2004. Heuristic traps in recreational avalanche accidents. Avalanche News, #68.

Probability

• Duke. 2018. Thinking in Bets, Making Smarter Decisions when you Don’t Have all the Facts.

• Kristensen, Genswein and Munter. 2012. Perception of risk in avalanche terrain. Proceedings of the ISSW: https://www.academia.edu/25988345/Perception_of_Risk_in_Avalanche_Terrain  

• Parrish, Shane. The value of probabilistic thinking: spies, crime, and lightning strikes. Farnam Street blog, accessed October 1, 2023: https://fs.blog/probabilistic-thinking/

Social Media

• Bull. Does social media affect your ski tours? Wildsnow.com, accessed October 1, 2023: https://www.wildsnow.com/28067/does-social-media-affect-your-ski-tours/

• Haubursin. How geotagged photos harm nature, What happens when nature goes viral? Vox.com, accessed October 1, 2023: https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/10/31/18047386/geotagged-instagram-nature-harm

• Isaak. 2016. Social Media and Decision Making in Avalanche Terrain. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Johnson et al. 2020. Social signaling. The Avalanche Review, 38(4): 26-28: https://www.americanavalancheassociation.org/s/TAR_38-4_Low.pdf

• Leave No Trace. Social media guidance. Accessed October 1, 2023: https://lnt.org/social-media-guidance/

• Mannberg et al. 2018. Keeping up with Jeremy Jones, positional preferences and risky terrain choices. Proceedings of the ISSW. 

Partners

• Smiley, Mark. Avalanche Safety Course. Mountain Sense: https://www.mtnsense.com/courses

Checklists

• Carpenter et al. 2014. Using a checklist for travel in backcountry avalanche terrain. Proceedings of the ISSW: https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/ISSW14_paper_P4.23.pdf

• Gawande, Atul. 2009. The Checklist Manifesto, How to Get Things Right.

Sense-Making

• Boilen, Sara. 2023. Toward a conceptual framework for sense and decision making in the backcountry. The Avalanche Review, 41.4: 20-21.

• Costa and Staples. 2023. Focus on perception not just decision making. The Avalanche Review, 42.1: 18-19.

Chapter 7. Margins for Safety

• Birkeland, Karl. 2017. Personal communication.

• Jamieson, Haegeli and Statham. 2015. Uncertainty in snow avalanche risk assessments. GeoQuebec.

• Parrish, Shane. Margin of safety: An introduction to the mental model. Farnam Street blog, accessed October 1, 2023: https://fs.blog/margin-of-safety/

• Technical Aspects of Snow and Avalanche Risk Management: Resources and Guidelines for Avalanche Practitioners in Canada. 2016. Canadian Avalanche Association.

Start on Simple Terrain

• Jones, Jeremy. 2022. The Art of Schralpinism.

Slow Down

• Graham. High risk/low frequency events in the fire service: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og9Usv82CdU   

Set Safe and Efficient Skin Tracks

• Stock, Joe. Skin track setting. Stock Alpine blog, accessed October 1, 2023: https://www.stockalpine.com/posts/skin-track-setting

Ski Defensively

• Goldie, Larry. 2013. The biggest secret your avalanche instructor never mentioned: the ski cut. Off Piste, p20-21.

• Jamieson, Bruce. Ski cutting in the backcountry. Powder Cloud blog, accessed October 1, 2023: https://thepowdercloud.com/learn/avalanche-education/ski-cutting-in-the-backcountry-9-ways-to-reduce-the-obvious-risk/

• Tart, Jimmy. 2023. Reframing ski cut, adding context, to improve risk communication. Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop.

Turn Around

• Dawson. 1992. Style Matters: The Art of the Ski Line. Wild Snow blog, accessed June 17, 2023. 

• Messner. 1971. The Murder of the Impossible. Mountain.

• Stock, Joe. Turning around: the importance of failure in the mountains. Stock Alpine blog, accessed accessed October 1, 2023: https://www.stockalpine.com/posts/turning-around.html

Consider Others

• Hardesty. 2014. How the freedom of the hills has become anarchy in the backcountry, Do we need a backcountry responsibility code? Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Ski Kind. The Backcountry Respondsibility Code: https://www.skikind.org/

Chapter 8. Putting it All Together

Planning

• Zacharias. 2015. A toolbox approach to snowpack observations, craftsmanship, relevancy and verification. Avalanche Journal #111: https://www.avalancheassociation.ca/blogpost/1815963/335329/A-Toolbox-Approach-to-Snowpack-Observations-Craftsmanship-Relevancy-and-Verification

Uncertainty Scale

• Stock, Joe. 2024. Avalanche uncertainty scale. The Avalanche Review, 42.4: 18-19.

Avaluator

• Avalanche Canada. Welcome to the Trip Planner: https://www.avalanche.ca/planning/trip-planner

• Haegeli et al. 2006. The Avaluator, a Canadian rule-based avalanche decision support tool for amateur recreationists. Proceedings of the ISSW. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ian-Mccammon/publication/228369287_The_Avaluator-A_Canadian_rule-based_avalanche_decision_support_tool_for_amateur_recreationists/links/02e7e5205c1b9caadc000000/The-Avaluator-A-Canadian-rule-based-avalanche-decision-support-tool-for-amateur-recreationists.pdf

Travel Advice

• Floyer and Bender. 2018. The Dangerator, A method for estimating avalanche danger in areas with no public avalanche forecasts. Proceedings of the ISSW.

Mindset 

• Atkins, Roger. 2014. Yin, Yang and You. Proceedings of the ISSW.

• Zacharias. 2021. Applying the strategic mindset to recreational avalanche courses. The Avalanche Review 40(2): 18-19: https://thepowdercloud.com/learn/avalanche-education/terrain-tips-no-4-know-where-not-to-go/

Crux Slopes

• Rueter et al. 2021. An intuitive path to D×C−M=R. The Avalanche Review, 39.4: http://www.projektberg.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/risk_TAR39_4.pdf

Radios

• Backcountry Access. Link radio reference manuals. https://backcountryaccess.com/en-us/support/bc-link-radio-resources

Beacon Check

• D’Alessio, Nick. 2016. The D'BEST beacon check. The Avalanche Review, vol 35(1): 19. 

Debrief

• Brown. 2015. Daring Greatly. How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead.

• Dawson. The backcountry skiing safety debrief. Wild Snow blog, accessed October 21, 2022. https://www.wildsnow.com/6094/backcountry-skiing-safety-tips/

• Zacharias, Colin. The day end debrief. Powder Cloud blog, accessed October 22, 2022. https://thepowdercloud.com/learn/avalanche-education/daily-avalanche-debrief/

Chapter 9. Climbing and Avalanches

• Astorga, Chantel. 2022. Five years on the Cassin: two firsts on Denali's south side. American Alpine Journal. 

• Chabot, Doug. 2001. Alpinism and avalanches, The Avalanche Review, 19(4): http://www.mtavalanche.com/index.php/articles/media/19/alpinism-and-avalanches

• Colorado Avalanche Information Center. Avalanche accidents by activity: accessed April 5, 2023: https://avalanche.state.co.us/accidents/statistics-and-reporting/

• Schonwald, Matt. 2020. Avalanches and climbing. American Alpine Journal.

• Statham, Grant. 2020. Ice climbing and avalanches, it’s time for climbers to take risk more seriously. American Alpine Club, accessed October 21, 2021. http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/13201215629

• Statham, Grant. 2023. Ice Climbing Avalanche Atlas. Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop.

Chapter 10. Rescue

• Avalanche Rescue.com, accessed October 3, 2023: https://avyrescue.com/

• Backcountry Access.com, accessed October 3, 2023: https://backcountryaccess.com/en-fr/learn-avalanche-safety

• Beacon Reviews.com, accessed October, 2023: https://beaconreviews.com/

Burial Time vs Survival

• Atkins. 2010. Avalanche rescue, The United States experience 1999/00 to 2008/09, Proceeding of the ISSW. 

• Haegeli et al. 2011. Comparison of avalanche survival patterns in Canada and Switzerland. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(7). 

Airbag

• Haegeli et al. 2014. The effectiveness of avalanche airbags. Resuscitation: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.05.025

Search Method

• Achelis. Search strip widths. Beaconreviews.com, accessed October 1, 2023: https://beaconreviews.com/search_strip_widths.php

• Edgerly and Conway. 2023. Using group search techniques and lane discipline to build an effective “search array” in avalanche rescue. Proceedings of the ISSW: https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/ISSW2023_P3.05.pdf

• Hutchinson. 2023. Observed avalanche rescue. The Avalanche Review 41.1: 22-24

• ICAR. 2008. Determination by equipment manufacturers of the search strip width to be used with transceivers: https://www.alpine-rescue.org/ikar-cisa/documents/2009/ikar20091208000422.pdf

Probe Line

• Ballard et al. 2004. Probing for avalanche victims. Proceedings of the ISSW?

• Genswein et al. 2014. Slalom probing. Proceedings of the ISSW.

Shoveling

• Banefield. 2018. 13 feet deep. Black Diamond Equipment: https://www.blackdiamondequipment.com/en_US/stories/experience-story-13-feet-deep-tim-banfield-avalanche-rescue/

• Edgerly and Atkins. 2006. Strategic shoveling: the next frontier in companion rescue. Proceedings of the ISSW: http://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/issw-2006-522-529.pdf

• Genswein and Elde. 2008. The v-shaped snow conveyor belt. Proceedings of the ISSW: http://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/P__8248.pdf

First Aid

• Tilburg et al. 2017. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for prevention and management of avalanche and nonavalanche snow burial accidents. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 28: 23–42. 

• Brugger et al. 2013. Resuscitation of avalanche victims: Evidence-based guidelines of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MEDCOM) Intended for physicians and other advanced life support personnel. Resuscitation, 84(5): 539-546: http://icar-med.com/Recommendations/Archive-of-Recommendations/  

• Dawson. 2019. Post rescue patient care. Powder Cloud blog, accessed October 2, 2023: https://thepowdercloud.com/learn/essential-touring-skills/post-rescue-patient-care/